GRADUATE PROGRAM OF CHINA CENTER FOR ECONOMIC RESEARCH AT 

PEKING UNIVERSITY

Foundations of Strategic Management
Spring 2005
Professor Hao Ma

Class: Wednesdays 1:30-4:30pm     Phone: 6275 6573
Room: Small Classroom, CCER     Email: hma@ccer.pku.edu.cn
Office Hours: Before or after classes or by appointments
Course Description
This course offers a comprehensive survey of contemporary strategic management literature, covering those milestone classics, fundamental research topics, as well as major theoretical perspectives. It addresses both strategy content and process issues and reviews both conceptual works and empirical studies. 
The course is intended primarily for doctoral students or advanced master's students who expect to conduct research in strategic management or related areas (e.g., organizational behavior, marketing strategy, corporate finance, industrial organization, sociology of organizations, organization theory, or complex decision making).
Each week we will examine a major topic in strategic management. Our approach will typically involve reading the seminal works (or recent summaries or syntheses) on the topic and examining in depth three or four articles. Further readings are suggested for interested students to explore the topic in more depth.
Course Requirements
This course is organized as a seminar, which means that each and every student is required to read, prepare, present, and discuss the required readings.  The students should be able to intelligently critique the articles assigned, to find potential linkages among the different articles, discover possible patterns emerged from a set of readings, or identify theoretical gaps as well as methodological deficiencies in the readings. Class participation and contribution are an important and indispensable part of the course for each student. It counts for 50% of a student's final course grade.
At the end of the semester, each student will write a fully-developed research proposal dealing with a topic in the strategy field, and present it to the full class in the last class period. The proposal is expected to include 1) conceptual background, 2) theory development and hypotheses, and 3) methodology. The proposal should clearly specify the potential contribution it makes to the literature. The research proposal and its presentation account for 50% of a student's final course grade.

A Note on Class Participation
Class participation has two components:

(1) Weekly contributions to the class discussions, and

(2) Serving as "session leader" and playing one of the following two roles:

a) Conducting an in-depth oral critique of one of the article for the session, paying close attention to the following questions (There are altogether 5 required readings for each day):

 o What question is the author trying to address? How important is this question?

 o What assumptions does the author make? How valid are these assumptions?

 o How does the author address the research question? If this is an empirical piece,  is the methodology appropriate?

 o What conclusions and implications does the author draw? Are these conclusions  justified in light of the empirical evidence presented by the author? How  important are these conclusions/implications?

 o How could this work be extended or refined?

 o How is this work related to other articles assigned for the same class session or  prior sessions?

 Beyond answering these questions for each reading, you should attempt to  develop at least three original and testable research propositions that address the  topic of discussion in a particular class session.

b) Digesting all the reading for the session (and turning as appropriate to related works not on the syllabus) to develop two lists for distribution to the class:

 o What are the three to five most interesting patterns or findings that have been  encountered by researchers of this topic?  How confident are you in the stability  and persistence of each finding?

? o  What are the three to five most interesting avenues or ideas that now need to be  studied within this topic area?

 

 

Topics and Schedule

Class Date Topic

1.  2/23 Strategy and Strategic Management: Concepts and Classics

2.  3/2 Environmental Analysis: Industrial Organization Perspective

3.  3/9 Firm Analysis: The Resource Based View of the Firm

4.  3/16 Business Level Strategy: Typologies and Competitive Dynamics

5.  3/23 Corporate Level Strategy: Core Competence and Management of     Diversification

6.  3/30 Cooperative Strategy: Strategic Alliance and Networks

7.  4/6 International Strategy: Local Adaptation vs. Global Integration

8.  4/13 Upper Echelon Perspective: Top Management Team and Executive    Leadership

9.  4/20 Strategic Change: Strategic Choice, Environmental Ecology, Institutional    Perspective, and Organizational Learning

10.  4/27 Strategic Decision Making Process: Rationality vs. Behavior and Politics

11.  5/11 Strategy Implementation: Organizational Design, Culture, and Control

12.  5/18 Strategy as Action: Schumpeterian and Dynamic Perspective

13.  5/25 Dependent Variable of Strategy Research: Competitive Advantage     and Firm Performance

14.  6/1 Theoretical Integration: Conceptualization and Empirical Evidence

15.  6/8 Student Presentations

 
Detailed Assignment

Class 1. 2/23 Strategy and Strategic Management: Concepts and Classics

Required Readings:
Mintzberg, H., 1978.  Patterns in Strategy Formation.  Management Science, 934-948.
Mintzberg, H. 1981?. Five Ps of Strategy. California Management Review, 
Hoskisson, R., Hitt, M., Wan, W., & Yiu, D., 1999. Theory and research in strategic management: Swings of a pendulum. Journal of Management, 417-456.
Rumelt, R. P., Schendel, D. E., and Teece, D. J. 1991. Strategic Management and Economics. Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Winter Special Issue): 5-29. 
Porter, M.E., 1996.  What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, 61-79.

Suggested Readings:
Andrews, K.R. 1971. The Concept of Corporate Strategy. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin.
Ansoff, H.I. 1965. Corporate Strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Chandler, A.D., 1962. Strategy and Structure: Concepts in the History of American Industrial Enterprise. (1-162). MIT 
Henderson, B. 1979. Henderson on Corporate Strategy. Cambridge, MA; Abt Books. 
Henderson, B. D. 1989. The Origin of Strategy. Harvard Business Review, November-December : 2-5.

Hofer, Charles W. & Schendel, D. 1978. Strategy Formulation: Analytical Concepts. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.
Miles, R.E. and Snow, C.C., 1978. Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process. (Chapters 1-7). McGraw-Hill.
Ohmae, K. 1982. The Mind of Strategist. New York, NY: McGraw Hill. 
Ohmae, K. 1988. Getting Back to Strategy. Harvard Business Review, November-December:149-156.
Porter, M.E. 1980. Competitive Strategy. New York: The Free Press. 
Porter, M.E.  1991. Towards A Dynamic Theory Of Strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Winter Special Issue): 95-118.
Rumelt, R.P., Schendel, D., & Teece, R.J., 1994. Fundamental Issues in Strategy. HBS Press.
Schendel, D.E. & Hofer, C.W. 1979. Strategic Management. (1-22, 515-530). Little Brown. 
Mintzberg, H. 1990. Strategy formulation: Ten schools of thought. In J. Fredrickson (Ed.)
Perspectives on strategic management: 105-235. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

Inkpen, A., & Choudhury, N. 1995. The seeking of strategy where it is not: Towards a theory of strategy absence. Strategic Management Journal, 16: 313-323.
 

Class 2.  3/2 Environmental Analysis: Industrial Organization Perspective

Required Readings:
Schmalensee, R., 1985. Do markets differ much? American Economic Review, 341-351.
Porter, M. 1979. The structure within industries and companies performance. Review of Economics and Statistics, 61: 214-227. 
Porter, M. E. 1981. The Contribution of Industrial Organization to Strategic Management.  Academy of Management Review, 6: 609-620.
McGee, J. & Thomas, H. 1986. Strategic groups: Theory, Research and Taxonomy. Strategic Management Journal, 7(2): 141-160. 
Wernerfelt, B., and Montgomery, C. A. 1986. What is an Attractive Industry? Management Science, 32:1223-1230.
Caves, R. E. and Ghemawat, P. 1992. Identifying Mobility Barriers. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 1-12.

Suggested Readings:
General Works:
Bain, J. 1956.  Barriers to New Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Caves, R. 1964. American Industry: Structure, Conduct, Performance. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 
Stigler, G. 1968. The Organization of Industry. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 
Demsetz, H. 1973. Industry Structure, Market Rivalry, and Public Policy. Journal of Law and Economics, 16: 1-9.

Caves, R., & Porter, M.E. 1977. From entry barriers to mobility barriers. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 91: 241-261.
Hambrick, D. 1982. Environmental Scanning and Organizational Strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 3: 159-174. (A general strategy article, not IO).

Geroski, P A. Masson, R T. Shaanan, J. 1987. The Dynamics of Market Structure. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 5: 93-100.

Scherer, F.M., & Ross, D. 1990. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Ghemawat, P.  1991. Commitment: The Dynamics of Strategy. New York: Free Press.

Sutton, J. 1991. Sunk Costs and Market Structure: Price Competition, Advertising, and The Evolution Of Concentration. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Strategic Groups:

Hatten, K., & Schendel, D. 1977. Heterogeneity within an industry: firm conduct in the U.S. brewing industry. Journal of Industrial Economics, 26: 97-113.
Cool, K.O. & Schendel, D., 1987. Strategic group formation and performance: The case of the U.S. pharmaceutical industry, 1963-1982. Management Science, 1102-1124.
Cool, K. & Schendel, D.E. 1987. Strategic group formation and performance: The case of
the U.S. pharmaceutical industry, 1963-1982. Management Science, 33: 1102-1124.

Cool, K. & Schendel, D.E. 1988. Performance differences among strategic group members. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 207-223.

Mascarenhas, B. 1989. Strategic group dynamics. Academy of Management Journal, 32:
333-352.

Feigenbaum, A. & Thomas, H. 1990. Strategic groups and performance: The U.S. insurance industry, 1970-1984. Strategic Management Journal, 11: 197-215.

Barney, J.B., & Hoskisson, R.E. 1990. Strategic groups: untested assertions and research proposals.  Managerial and Decision Economics, 11: 187-198.

Reger, R.K., & Huff, A.S. 1993. Strategic groups: A cognitive perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 103-124.

Cool, K., & Dierickx, I. 1993. Rivalry, strategic groups and firm profitability. Strategic Management Journal. 14: 47 59.

Feigenbaum, A., & Thomas, H. 1995. Strategic groups as reference groups: Theory, modeling and empirical examination of industry and competitive strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 16: 461-476.

Peteraf, M., & Shanley, M. 1997. Getting to know you: A theory of strategic group identity. Strategic Management Journal, 18: 165-186.

Dranove, D., Peteraf, M., & Shanley, M. 1998. Do strategic groups exist? An economic framework for analysis. Strategic Management Journal, 19: 1029-1044.

Does Industry Matter?
Rumelt, R. P. 1991. How Much Does Industry Matter? Strategic Management Journal, 12: 167-185. 
Powell, T.C., 1996. How much does industry matter? An Alternative Empirical Test. Strategic Management Journal, 323-334.
McGahan, A. & Porter, M.E. 1997. How much does industry matter, really? Strategic Management Journal, 18 (Special Issue Supplement): 15-30.

 

Class 3.  3/9 Firm Analysis: The Resource Based View of the Firm

Required Readings:
Wernerfelt, B. 1984.  A Resource-Based View of the Firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5: 171-180.
Barney, J. B. 1991. Firm Resources And Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17: 99-120.
Dierickx, I. and K. Cool.  1989. Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage. Management Science, 35: 1504-1511.
Peteraf, M. A. 1993. The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 179-191. 
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G. and Shuen, A. 1997. Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management.  Strategic Management Journal, 18: 509-533.

Suggested Readings:
Penrose, E. 1959. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm.  Oxford, England: Blackwell.
Rumelt, R. P. 1984.  Toward A Strategic Theory of Firm.  In  Lamb, R (Ed.) Competitive Strategic Management.: 556-570. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Barney, J. B. 1986a.  Strategic Factor Markets: Expectations, Luck, And Business Strategy.Management Science , 32:1231-1241.
Barney, J. B. 1986b. Organization Culture: Can It Be A Source Of Competitive Advantage? Academy Of Management Review, 11: 656-665.
Itami, H. 1987. Mobilizing Intangible Assets. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.

Reed, R., & DeFillipi, R.J. 1990. Causal ambiguity, barriers to imitation, and sustainable competitive advantage. Academy of Management Review, 15: 88-102.

Collis, D.J. 1991. A resource-based analysis of global competition: The case of the bearings industry. Strategic Management Journal, Summer Special Issue, 12: 49-68.
Grant, R. M. 1991. A Resource Based Perspective of Competitive Advantage. California Management Review.  33 (Spring): 114-135.
Hall, R. 1992. The Strategic Analysis of Intangible Resources. Strategic Management Journal, 13, 2: 135-144.
Leonard-Barton, D. 1992. Core capabilities and core rigidities: a paradox in managing new product development. Strategic Management Journal, 13 (Summer Special Issue), 111-125. 
Amit, R., &  Schoemaker, P. J. H. 1993.  Strategic assets and organizational rent. Strategic Management Journal, 14 (1), 33-46.

Helfat, C.E. 1994. Firm-specificity in corporate applied R&D. Organization Science, 5:173-184.

Chi, T. 1994. Trading in strategic resources: necessary conditions, transaction cost problems, and choice of exchange structure. Strategic Management Journal, 15: 271-290.

Black, J.A., & Boal, K.B. 1994. Strategic resources: Traits, configurations and paths to sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, Summer Special Issue,15: 131-148.
Collis, D. J. 1994. How Valuable Are Organizational Capabilities? Strategic Management Journal, (Special Issue), Winter: 143-152. 
Wernerfelt, B. 1995. The resource-based view of the firm: ten years after. Strategic Management Journal, 16: 171-174.

Miller, D. & Shamsie, J. 1996. The resource-based view of the firm in two environments:
the Hollywood film studios from 1936 to 1965. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 519-543.

Coff, R.W. 1999. When Competitive Advantage Doesn't Lead to Performance: The Resource-Based View and Stakeholder Bargaining Power. Organization Science, 10(2): 119-133.

Eisenhardt, K.M. & Martin, J.A. 2000. Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21(10-11): 1105-1121. 
Priem, R. & Butler, J., 2001. Is the resource-based view a useful perspective for strategic management research? Academy of Management Review, 22-40.
Barney, J. B. 2002. Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage. 2nd ed. NJ: Prentice Hall.
Adner, R. & Helfat, C.R., 2003. Corporate effects and dynamic managerial capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 1011-1025.

 
Class 4.  3/16 Business Level Strategy: 
   Typologies and Competitive Dynamics

Required Readings:
Snow, C. & Hambrick, D. 1980.  Measuring organizational strategies: Some theoretical and methodological problems. Academy of Management Review. vol. 5, 527-538. 
Dess G. & Davis, P. 1984. Porter's generic strategies as determinants of strategic group membership and organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, vol. 27. 467-488.
Zahra, Shaker A; Pearce, John A., II. 1990. Research Evidence on the Miles-Snow Typology. Journal of Management. 16(4): 751-768.
Chen, M-J., & MacMillan, I.C. 1992. Nonresponse and delayed response to competitive moves: The roles of competitor dependence and action irreversibility. Academy of Management Journal, 35: 539-570.
Chen, M.-J. 1996. Competitor Analysis and Interfirm Rivalry: Toward a Theoretical Integration. Academy of Management Review, 21: 100-134.
Hill, C. W. L. 1997. Establishing a Standard: Competitive strategy and technological standards in winner-take-all industries, The Academy of Management Executive, 11, 2:7-25.

Suggested Readings:
Buzzell, R. Gale, B & Sultan, R. 1975. Market share-A key to profitability. Harvard Business Review, 97-105. 
Abell, D. F. 1980 Defining the Business. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Barney, J. 1986. Types of competition and the theory of strategy: Toward an integrative framework. Academy of Management Review. vol. 11, 791-800. 
Zajac E.J. & Bazerman M.H. 1991. Blind spots in industry and competitor analysis: Implications of interfirm (mis)perceptions for strategic decisions. Academy of Management Review, 16: 37-56. 
Chen, M.J. & Hambrick, D. 1995. Speed, stealth, and selective attack: How small firms differ from large firms in competitive behavior.  Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 453-482. 
Ginsberg, A. 1995. Minding the competition: From mapping to mastery. Strategic Management Journal, 15, Winter Special Issue: 153-174.
Fiegenbaum, A., S. Hart, & D. Schendel.1996. Strategic reference point theory. Strategic Management Journal, vol. 17(3)

Class 5.  3/23 Corporate Level Strategy: Core Competence and Management    of Diversification

Required Readings:
Rumelt, R.P., 1982. Diversification strategy and profitability. Strategic Management Journal, 359-369.
Ramanujam, Vasudevan & Varadarajan, P., 1989. Research on corporate diversification: A synthesis.  Strategic Management Journal, 523-551.
Chatterjee, S., and Wernerfelt, B. 1991. The link between resources and type of diversification: theory and evidence. Strategic Management Journal, 12: 33-48.

Lubatkin, M., & Chatterjee, S. 1994. Extending modern portfolio theory into the domain of corporate diversification: Does it apply? Academy of Management Journal, 37: 109-136.

Robins, J., & Wiersema, M.F. 1995. A resource-based approach to the multibusiness firm: empirical analysis of portfolio interrelationships and corporate financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 16: 277-299.

Suggested Readings:
General Works:
Chandler, A. D. Jr. 1962. Strategy and Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Teece, D.J. 1980. Economies of scope and the scope of the enterprise. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1: 223-245.

Teece. D.J. 1982. Towards an economic theory of the multiproduct firm. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 3: 39-64.

Prahalad, C.K., & Bettis, R. 1986. The dominant logic: A new linkage between diversity and performance. Strategic Management Journal, 7: 485-501.

Nayyar, P.R. 1993. On the measurement of competitive strategy: Evidence from a large multiproduct U.S. firm. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 1652-1669.
Prahalad, C. K. and Hamel, G. 1990. The Core Competence of Corporations. Harvard Business Review. May-June: 79-91.

Montgomery, C.A. 1994. Corporate diversification. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8: 163-178.

Teece, D.J., Rumelt, R., Dosi, G., & Winter, S. 1994. Understanding corporate coherence:
Theory and evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 23: 1-30.
Collis, D. J. and Montgomery, C. A. 1997. Corporate Strategy: Resources and The Scope Of The Firm. Chicago, IL: Irwin. 
Diversification and Performance:
Rumelt, R. P. 1974. Strategy, structure, and economic performance. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1974.
Bettis, R.A., 1981. Performance differences in related and unrelated diversified firms. Strategic Management Journal, 379-393.
Wernerfelt, B. & Montgomery, C.A., 1988. Tobin's q and the importance of focus in firm performance. American Economic Review, 246-250.
Ginsberg, A. 1990. Connecting diversification to performance: A sociocognitive approach. Academy of Management Review, 15: 514-535.

Chang, S.J. 1996. An evolutionary perspective on diversification and corporate restructuring: Entry, exit, and economic performance during 1981-89. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 587-611.
Bowman, E.H. & Helfat, C.E., 2001. "Does corporate strategy matter?" Strategic Management Journal, 1-24.
Diversification and Risks:

Montgomery, C.A., & Singh, H. 1984. Diversification strategy and systematic risk. Strategic Management Journal, 5: 181-191.

Amit, R. & Livnat, J. 1988. Diversification and the risk-return tradeoff. Academy of Management Journal, 31: 154-166.

Miller, K.D., & Bromiley, P. 1990. Strategic risk and corporate performance: An analysis of alternative risk measures. Academy of Management Journal, 33: 756-779.

Bromiley, P. 1991. Testing a causal model of corporate risk taking and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 37-59.

Merger and Acquisition:
Haspeslagh, P. C. and Jemison, D. B. 1991. Managing Acquisitions: Creating Value Through Corporate Renewal. New York, NY: The Free Press. 
Multiple Market Competition:

Berheim, D. & Whinston 1990. Multimarket contact and collusive behavior. RAND Journal of Economics, 21, -1-26. 
Gimeno, J. & Woo, C. 1999. Multimarket contact, economies of scope and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal. Vol 42 (3) 239
Golden B. R. and Ma, H. 2003. Mutual Forbearance: The Role of Intra-Firm Integration and Rewards. Academy of Management Review, 28, 3: 479-493.

 

Class 6.  3/30 Cooperative Strategy: Strategic Alliance and Networks
 
Required Readings:

Nielsen, R.P. 1988. Cooperative strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 47-492.
Ring, P.S. & Van de Ven, A. 1994. Developmental processes of cooperative interorganizational relationships.  The Academy of Management Review, 19(1): 90-118. 
Gulati, R. 1998. Networks and Alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 19, 293-318. 
Dyer, J. H. & Singh, H. 1998. The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and source of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23, 4: 660-679.

Rousseau, D.M., Sitkin, S.B., Burt, R.S., & Camerer, C. 1998. Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23(3): 393-404.

Ahuja, G. 2000. The duality of collaboration: Inducements and opportunities in the formation of interfirm linkages. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3): 317-343.

Suggested Readings:
Granovetter, M. 1973.  The strength of weak ties.  American Journal of Sociology.  Vol. 78.: 1360- 
Burt, R. 1997. The contingent value of social capital. Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 42:339-365.
Burt, R. 1982. Towards a structural theory of action.  NY: Academic Press.  
Axelrod, Robert. 1984. The evolution of cooperation. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Contractor, F. J. and Lorange, P. 1988. Cooperative Strategies In International Business. Lexington Books. 
Hamel, G., Doz, Y. and Prahalad, C. K.  1989.  Collaborate With Your Competitors And Win.  Harvard Business Review, 67: 133-139.
Parkhe, Arvind. 1993. Strategic alliance structuring: A game theoretic and transaction cost examination of interfirm cooperation. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 794-829.
Brandenburger, A. and B. Nalebuff, 1996. Coopetition. New York, NY: Currency/ Doubleday. 
Tsai, W. & S. Ghoshal. 1998. Social capital and value creation: the role of intrafirm networks. Academy of Management Journal. Vol 41 (4)  464-478.  
Kogut, B. 2000. The network as knowledge: Generative rules and the emergence of structure. Strategic Management Journal, 21: 405-425.

Kogut, B. 1988. Joint ventures: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 319-332.

Kogut, B. 1989. The stability of joint ventures: Reciprocity and competitive rivalry. Journal of Industrial Economics, 38: 183-198.

Kogut, B. 1991. Joint ventures and the option to expand and acquire. Management Science, 37: 19-33.

Burgers, W.P., Hill, C.W.L., & Kim, W.C. 1993. A theory of global strategic alliances: The case of the global auto industry. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 419-432.

 
Class 7.  4/6 International Strategy: Local Adaptation vs. Global      Integration

Required Readings:

Goshal,S. 1987. Global strategy: An organizing framework. Strategic Management Journal, 8: 425-440.

Kobrin, S. 1991. An empirical analysis of the determinants of global strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 12 Special Issue: 17-31.
Gupta, A. K. and Govindarajan, V. 1991. Knowledge flows and the structure of control within multinational corporations. Academy of Management Review, 16: 768-792.

Kogut, B., & Zander, U. 1993. Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation. Journal of International Business Studies, 14: 95-112.

Hitt, M. A., Hoskisson, R. E., & Kim, H. 1997. International diversification: Effects on innovation and firm performance in product-diversified firms. Academy of Management Journal, 40(4): 767-798.

Suggested Readings:

Kogut, B. 1985. Designing global strategies: Comparative and competitive value-added chains. Sloan Management Review, 27: 15-28.

Teece, D.J. 1985. Multinational enterprise, internal governance, and industrial organization. American Economic Review, 75: 233-238.

Teece, D.J. 1986. Transactions cost economics and the multinational enterprise: An assessment. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 7: 21-45.

Porter, M.E. 1986. Competition in global industries: A conceptual framework. In M.E. Porter (Ed.) Competition in global industries. Harvard Business School Press: Cambridge,
MA: 15-60.

Hill, C.W.L., & Kim. W.C. 1988. Searching for a dynamic theory of the multinational enterprise: A transaction cost model. Strategic Management Journal, 9 Special Issue: 93-
104.

Ghoshal, S., & Nohria, N. 1989. Internal differentiation within multinational corporations.
Strategic Management Journal, 10: 323-337.

Ghoshal, S., & Bartlett, C.A. 1990. The multinational corporation as an interorganizational network. Academy of Management Review, 15: 
Yip, G. 1995. Total Global Strategy: Managing for Worldwide Competitive Advantage. Englewood, Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Dunning, J.H. 1995. Reapprainsing the eclectic paradigm in an age of alliance capitalism. Journal of International Business Studies, 26: 461-491.

Hitt, M. A., Hoskisson, R. E., & Kim, H. 1997. International diversification: Effects on innovation and firm performance in product-diversified firms. Academy of Management Journal, 40(4): 767-798.

Caves, R. E. 1998. Research on international business: Problems and prospects. Journal of International Business Studies, 29(1): 5-19.

Buckley, P.J., & Casson, M. C. 1998. Models of the multinational enterprise. Journal of International Studies, 29(1): 21-44.

 

 
Class 8.  4/13 Upper Echelon Perspective: 
   Top Management Team and Executive Leadership

Required Readings:

Hambrick, D.C. & Mason, P.A. 1984. Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9: 193-206.

Hambrick, D.C., Cho, T.S. & Chen. M. 1996. The influence of top management team heterogeneity on firms' competitive moves. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(4): 659-684.

Finkelstein, S. & Hambrick, D.C., 1990. Top management team tenure and organizational outcomes: The moderating role of managerial discretion. Administrative Science Quarterly, 484-503.

Wiersema, M.F. & Bantel, K.A., 1992. Top management team demography and corporate strategic change.  Academy of Management Journal, 91-122.

Kim, W. Chan and Mauborgne, Renee A. (1993). Procedural justice, attitudes, and subsidiary top management compliance with multinationals' corporate strategic decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 502-526.

Suggested Readings:

Hambrick, Donald C. and Finkelstein, Sydney. 1987. Managerial discretion: A bridge between polar views of organizational outcomes. Research in Organizational Behavior, 9: 369-406.

Finkelstein, S. and Hambrick, D.C. 1990. Top-management-team tenure and organizational outcomes: The moderating role of managerial discretion. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(3): 484-503.

Hambrick, Donald C. and Abrahamson, Eric 1995. Assessing managerial discretion across industries: A multimethod approach. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5): 1427-1441.

Carpenter, Mason A. and Golden, Brian R. 1997. Perceived managerial discretion: A study of cause and effect. Strategic Management Journal, 18(3):187-206.

Finkelstein, Sydney and Boyd, Brian K. 1998. How much does the CEO matter? The role of managerial discretion in the setting of CEO compensation. Academy of Management Journal, 41(2): 179-199.
Eisenhardt, K.M. & Schoonhoven, C.B., 1990. Organizational growth: Linking founding team, strategy, environment, and growth among U.S. semiconductor ventures, 1978-1988. Administrative Science Quarterly, 504-529.
Pettigrew, A., 1992. On studying managerial elites. Strategic Management Journal, 163-182. 
Kim, W. Chan and Mauborgne, Renee. 1998. Procedural justice, strategic decision making, and the knowledge economy. Strategic Management Journal, 19(4): 323-338.
Westphal, J. & J. Fredrickson., 2001. Who directs strategic change? Director experience, the selection of new CEOs, and change in corporate strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 1113-1137.

 

Class 9.  4/20 Strategic Change: Strategic Choice, Environmental Ecology,     Institutional Perspective, and Organizational Learning
Required Readings:
Child, J. 1972. Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice. Sociology, 6 (January): 2-22.
Meyer, A. D. 1982. Adapting to Environmental Jolts. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27 (4), 515-538.
Hannan, M.T. & Freeman, J. 1984. Structural Intertia and Organizational Change. American Sociological Review, 49(2): 149-164. 
Deephouse, D.L. 1999. To be different, or to be the same? It's a question (and theory) of strategic balance. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2): 147-166. 
Grant, R., 1996. Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 109-122.

Suggested Readings:
General Works:
Ginsberg, A. 1988. Measuring and modeling changes in strategy: Theoretical foundations and empirical directions. Strategic Management Journal. 9(6) 559-576. 
Zajac, E.J. & Shortell, S.M. 1989. Changing generic strategies: Likelihood, direction, and performance implications. Strategic Management Journal, 10(5): 413-430.

Connie J Gersick 1991. Punctuated Equilibrium. Academy of management Review, 16 , 1:10-

Rajagopalan, N., & Spreitzer, G. 1996. Toward a theory of strategic change: A multi-lens
persepctive and integrative framework. Academy of Management Review, 22(1): 48-79.
Organizational Ecology:
Hannan, M. and Freeman, J. 1977. The population ecology of organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 72: 267-272.
Institutional Theory:
DiMaggio, P.J. & Powell, W.W. 1983. The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48: 147-156.
Scott, W. R. 1995. Institutions and Organizations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 
Davis, G.F., Diekmann, K.A. & Tinsley, C.H. 1994. The decline and fall of the conglomerate form in the 1980s: The deinstitutionalization of an organizational form. American Sociological Review, 59: 547-570. 
Organizational Learning:
Fiol, C. & Lyles, M., 1985.  Organizational learning. Academy of Management Review, 803-813.
Winter, S. 1987. Knowledge and Competence As Strategic Assets. In D. Teece (Ed.). The Competitive Challenge: 159-184. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
Senge, P. M. 1990. The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of The Learning Organization. New York, NY: Double Day/Currency. 
Cohen, W.M. & Levinthal, D.A., 1990. Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 128-152
Huber, G.P. 1991. Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Science, 2: 88-115. 
Liebeskind, J. 1996. Knowledge, Strategy, and the theory of the firm.  Strategic Management Journal, vol. 17: 93-109. 
Kogut, B. & Zander, U. 1992. Knowledge of The Firm, Combinative Capabilities, And The Replication Of Technology. Organization Science, 3(3): 383-397.

Levinthal, D.A., & March, J.G. 1993. The myopia of learning. Strategic Management Journal, Winter Special Issue, 14: 95-112.

Nonaka, I. 1994. A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5: 14-37.
Spender, J.-C. 1996. Making knowledge that basis of a dynamic theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal.  Vol 17 (winter special issue): 57-69. 
Szulanski, G. 1997. Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 27-43
Baum, J.A C., Li, S.X. & Usher, J.M. 2000. Making the next move: How experiential and vicarious learning shape the locations of chains' acquisition. Administrative Science Quaterly. 45(4): 766-801. 
Hayward, M.L.A., 2002. When do firms learn from their acquisition experience? Evidence from 1990-1995. Strategic Management Journal, 21-39.

 

 

Class 10.  4/27 Strategic Decision Making Process: 
   Rationality vs. Behavior and Politics
Required Readings:
Mintzberg, H., Raisinghani, D., & Theoret, A., 1976. The structure of unstructured decision processes.  Administrative Science Quarterly, 245-275.
Fredrickson. J. W. & Mitchell, T. R. 1984. Strategic decision processes: Comprehensiveness and performance in an industry with an unstable environment. Academy of Management Journal, 27: 399-423. 
Huff, A.S. & Reger, R.K., 1987. A review of strategic process research. Journal of Management, 211-236.
Waller, M.J., Huber, G.P., Glick, W.H. 1995. Functional background as a determinant of executives' selective perception. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 943-974.

Schwenk, C. 1995. Strategic decision making. Journal of Management, 21(3): 471-493.

Suggested Readings:
General Process:

Mintzberg, Henry and Waters, James A. 1985. Of strategies, deliberate and emergent. Strategic Management Journal, 6(3): 257-272.

Fredrickson, James W. 1986. The strategic decision process and organizational structure. Academy of Management Review, 11: 280-297.

Eisenhardt, K.M. 1989. Making fast strategic decisions in high-velocity environments. Academy of Management Journal, 32: 543-576.

Wooldridge, Bill and Floyd, Steven W. 1989. Strategic process effects on consensus. Strategic Management Journal, 10(3): 295-302.

Priem, Richard L. 1990. Top management team group factors, consensus, and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 11(6): 469-478.

Wooldridge, Bill and Floyd, Steven W. 1990. The strategy process, middle management involvement, and organizational performance. Strategic Management Journal, 11(3): 231-241.

Hitt, M.A., & Tyler, B.B. 1991. Strategic decision models: Integrating different perspectives. Strategic Management Journal, 12: 327-351.

Eisenhardt, K.M., & Zbaracki, M.J. 1992. Strategic decision making. Strategic Management Journal, 13: Winter Special Issue: 17-37.

Hart, Stuart and Banbury, Catherine. 1994. How strategy-making processes can make a difference. Strategic Management Journal, 15(4): 251-269.

Priem, Richard L., Rasheed, Abdul M.A. and Kotulic, Andrew G. 1995. Rationality in strategic decision processes, environmental dynamism and firm performance. Journal of Management, 21: 913-929.

Dean Jr, James W. and Sharfman, Mark P. 1996. Does decision process matter? A study of strategic decision-making effectiveness.  Academy of Management Journal, 39: 368-396.
Political Perspective:
Bower, J. L. 1970. Managing the Resource Allocation Process. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Allison, G. 1971. Essence of Decision. Now York: Little, Brown & Co.
Quinn, J. B. 1980. Strategies for Change: Logical Incrementalism. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
Behavioral Perspective:

Simon, H.A. 1979. Rational decision making in business organizations. American Economic Review, 69: 493-513.

Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. 1979. Prospect theory: An analysis of decisions under risk.
Econometrica, 47: 263-289.

Dutton, Jane E. and Jackson, Susan E. 1987. Categorizing Strategic issues: links to organizational action. Academy of Management Review, 12: 76-90.

 

Class 11.  5/11 Strategy Implementation: 
   Organizational Design, Culture, and Control

Required Readings:
Teece, D.J., 1981. Internal organization and economic performance: An empirical analysis of the profitability of principle firms.  Journal of Industrial Economics, 173-199.
Miller, D. 1986. Configurations of strategy and structure: Toward a synthesis. Strategic Management Journal, 7: 233-249.
Hoskisson, R.E., 1987. Multidivisional structure and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 625-644.
Govindarajan, V., & Fisher, J. 1990. Strategy, control systems, and resource sharing: effects on business-unit performance. Academy of Management Journal, 33: 259-285.
Hill, C.W.L., Hitt, M.A., & Hoskissson, R.A., 1992. Cooperative versus competitive structures in related and unrelated diversified firms. Organization Science, 501-521.

Suggested Readings:
Deal, T. E. and Kennedy, A. A. 1982. Corporate Cultures. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Fombrun, C. & Shanley, M. 1990. What's in a name? Reputation building and corporate strategy.  Academy of Management Journal, 33, 233-258. 
Burgelman, R. A. 1983b. A Model of the Interaction of Strategic Behavior, Corporate Context, and the Concept of Strategy. Academy of Management Review, 8, 1: 61-70.

Gupta, A.K., & Govindarajan. 1984. Business unit strategy, managerial characteristics and business unit effectiveness at strategy implementation. Academy of Management Journal, 27: 25-41.
Gupta, A.K. & Govindarajan, V., 1986. Resource sharing among SBU's: Strategic antecedents and administrative implications.  Academy of Management Journal, 695-714.
Hill, C.W.L., & Hoskisson, R.E. 1987. Strategy and structure in the multiproduct firm. Academy of Management Review, 12: 331-341.

Jones, G.R., & Hill, C.W.L. 1988. Transaction cost analysis of strategy-sturcture choice. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 159-172.

Golden, B.R. 1992. SBU strategy and performance: The moderating effects of the corporate-SBU relationship. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 145-158.
Amburgey, T. & Dacin, T., 1994. As the left foot follows the right? The dynamics of strategic and structural change. Academy of Management Journal, 1427-1452. 
Pfeffer, J. 1994. Competitive Advantage Though People. Boston, Ma: Harvard Business School Press.

 

Class 12.  5/18 Strategy as Action: Schumpeterian Dynamics
Required Readings:

Rumelt, R. P. 1987.  Theory, Strategy, and Entrepreneurship.  In Teece, D. (Ed.). The Competitive Challenge: 137-158.  Cambridge, Mass: Ballinger.
Tushman, M.L., & Anderson, P. 1986. Technological discontinuities and organizational environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31: 439-465.
Jacobson, R. 1992. The "Austrian" school of strategy. Academy of Management Review, 17: 782-807.
D'Aveni, R. 1997. Hypercompetition. Academy of Management Executive. 
Ferrier, W.J., Smith, K.G., & Grimm, C.M., 1999. The role of competitive action in market share erosion and industry dethronement: A study of industry leaders and challengers.  Academy of Management Journal, 372-388.

Suggested Readings:
Schumpeter, J. A. 1934.  The Theory of Economic Development.  Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press. 
Schumpeter, J. A. 1950. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper and Row. 
Kirzner, I. 1973. Competition and Entrepreneurship.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 
Nelson, R. and Winter, S. 1982. An Evolutionary Theory Of Economic Change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Dosi, G. 1988. Sources, procedures, and microeconomic effects of innovation. Journal of Economic Literature, 26: 1120-1171.

Anderson, P., & Tushman, M.L. 1990. Technological discontinuities and dominant designs: A cyclical model of technological change. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35:
604-633.

Garud, R. & Van de Ven, A.H. 1992. An empirical evaluation of the internal corporate venturing process. Strategic Management Journal, 13 Special Issue: 93-110.
Smith, K. G., Grimm, C. M., and Gannon, M. J. 1992.  Dynamics of competitive strategy.  Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. 
D'Aveni, R. 1994. Hypercompetition. New York, NY: Free Press.

Tripsas, M. 1997. Unraveling the process of creative destruction: Complementary assets and incumbent survival in the typesetter industry. Strategic Management Journal, 18: 119-142.
Grimm, C. M. And Smith, K. G. 1997. Strategy as Action: Industry Rivalry and Coordination. Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern Publishing.

 

Class 13.  5/25 Dependent Variable of Strategy Research: 
   Competitive Advantage and Firm Performance
Required Readings:
Lieberman, M. and Montgomery, D. 1988. First Mover Advantages. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 41-58. 
Powell. T. C. 2001. Competitive Advantage: Logical and Philosophical Considerations. Strategic Management Journal, 22: 875-888.
Jacobson, R. 1988. The Persistence of Abnormal Returns. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 41-58. 
Mancke, R. B. 1974. Causes of interfirm profitability differences: A new interpretation of the evidence. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 88 (May), 181-93. 
Schoemaker, P. 1990. Strategy, Complexity, and Economic Rent. Management Science, 36: 1178-1192. 
Suggested Readings:

Competitive Advantage:

Mascarenhas, B. 1992. First-mover effects in multiple dynamic markets. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 237-243.

Mueller, D. C. 1997. First-mover advantages and path dependence. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 15: 827-850.

Makadok, R. 1998. Can first-mover and early-mover advantages be sustained in an industry with low barriers to entry/imitation? Strategic Management Journal, 19: 683-696.
Barney, J. B. and Zajac, E. J. 1994. Competitive organizational behavior: toward an organizationally-based theory of competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, Winter Special Issue, 15: 5-10. 
Henderson, R. & Cockburn, I., 1994.  Measuring competence? Exploring firm effects in pharmaceutical research. Strategic Management Journal, 63-84.
Ma, H. 2004. Competitive Advantage: Anatomy and Constellation. Peking University Press.
 Firm Performance:

Mueller, D.C. 1986. Profits in the long run. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Cubbin, J. Geroski, P. 1987. The convergence of profits in the long run: Inter-firm and interindustry comparisons. Journal of Industrial Economics, 35: 427-442.
Blyler, M. & Coff, R.W. 2003. Dynamic capabilities, social capital, and rent appropriation: Ties that split pies. Strategic Management Journal, forthcoming.

 

Class 14.  6/1 Theoretical Integration: 
   Conceptualization and Empirical Evidence

Required Readings:
Jemison, D. 1981. The importance of an integrative approach to strategic management research.  Academy of Management Review, 6: 601-608.
Hansen, G and Wenerfelt, B. 1989. Determinants of firm performance: The relative importance of economic and organizational factors. Strategic Management Journal, 10: 399-411.
Zajac, E. 1992. Relating economic and behavioral perspectives in strategy research. In Dutton, J., Huff, A. and Shrivastava, P. (Eds.) Advances in Strategic Management. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc.
Mahoney, J. T. and Pandian, J. R. 1992. The Resource-Based View Within The Conversation Of Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 363-380.
Oliver, C. 1997. Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Combining Institutional and Resource-Based Views. Strategic Management Journal, 18: 697-713.

Suggested Readings:
Various Theoretical Perspectives to Strategy:
Teece, D. J. 1990. Contributions and impediments of economic analysis to the study of strategic management. In Fredrickson, J. W. (Ed.). Perspectives on Strategic Management, 39-80. New York: Harper Business.

Boeker, W. 1991. Organizational strategy: An ecological perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 613-635.

Carroll, G.R. 1993. A sociological view on why firms differ. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 237-249.

Conner, K. 1991. An historical comparison of resource-based logic and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: Do we have a new theory of the firm here? Journal of Management, 17: 121-154.
Camerer, C. 1991.  Does strategy research need game theory? Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Winter Special Issue): 137-152. 
Saloner, G. 1991. Modeling, game theory, and strategic management.  Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Winter Special Issue): 119-136. 
Williamson, O. E. 1991. Strategizing, Economizing, And Economic Organization. Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Winter Special Issue): 75-94. 
Bowman, E.H., & Hurry, D. 1993. Strategy trough the option lens: An integrated view of
resource investments and the incremental-choice process. Academy of Management Review,18: 760-782.
Stacey, R.D. 1995. The science of complexity: An alternative perspective for strategic change processes. Strategic Management Journal, 16(6): 477-495

Godfrey, P.C., & Hill, C.W.L. 1995. The problem of unobservables in Strategic Management research. Strategic Management Journal, 16: 519-533.

Ghoshal, S. & Moran, P. 1996. Bad for practice: A critique of the transaction cost theory.
Academy of Management Review, 21: 19-47.

Theoretical Integration:
Young, G., K.G. Smith & C. Grimm. 1996. Austrian and Industrial Organization Perspective on Firm-level competitive activity and performance. Organizational Science, Special Issue part 1. 243-254. 
Henderson, R., & Mitchell, W. 1997. The interactions of organizational and competitive influences on strategy and performance. Strategic Management Journal, 18: 5-14.

Poppo, L., & Zenger, T. 1998. Testing alternative theories of the firm: Transaction cost, knowledge-based, and measurement explanations for make-or-buy decisions in information services. Strategic Management Journal, 19: 853-877.
Mir, R. & Watson, A. 2000. Strategic management and the philosophy of science: The case for a constructivist methodology. Strategic Management Journal, 21(9): 941-953.
Theory Building:
Van de Ven A.H. 1989. Nothing is quite so practical as a good theory. Academy of Management Review. 14(4), 486-489. 
Whetten D. 1989. What constitutes a theoretical contribution? The Academy of Management Review. 14(4), 490-495.

 

Class 15.  6/8 Student Presentations

 

 

Appendix: A List of Classics that Form the Foundation of Strategic Management

Aldrich, Howard (1979) Organizations and Enviornments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Allison, G. (1971) Essence of Decision. Now York: Little, Brown & Co.
Andrews, K.R. (1971) The Concept of Corporate Strategy. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin.
Ansoff, H.I. (1965) Corporate Strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Argyris, C. & Schon, D.A. (1978) Organizational Learning. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Barnard, C.I. (1938) The Functions of the Executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Barney, J. B. (1997) Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Bower, J. 1970. Managing the Resource Allocation Process. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
Caves, R. (1977) American industry: Structure, Conduct, Performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 
Chandler, A.D. (1962) Strategy and Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Cyert, R.R. and March, J.G. (1963) A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Pentice Hall. 
Fayol, Henri (1930) General and Industrial Management. Geneva: International Management Istittute. 
Fredrickson, James W. (1990) Perspectives on Strategic Management. New York: Harper Business.
Hannan, J.T. & Freeman, J. 1989. Organizational Ecology. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Hofer, C.W. & Schendel, D. 1978. Strategy Formulation: Analytical Concepts. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.
Lawrence, P.R. & Lorsch, J.W. (1969) Organization and Environment. Homewood, IL: Irwin. 
March, J.G. & Simon, H.A. (1958) Organizations. New York: John Wiley.
Miles, R.E. & Snow, J.G. (1978) Organization Strategy, Structure, and Process. New York: McGraw-Hill. 
Mintzberg, H. (1973) The Nature of Managerial Work. New York: Harper & Row.
Mintzberg, H. (1994) The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning. New York: The Free Press.
Nelson, R.P. & Winter, S.G. (1982) An Evolutiuonary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 
Penrose, E.T. (1959) The Growth of the Firm. New York: Wiley and Sons.
Pettigrew, Andrew (1973) The Politics of Organizational Decision Making. London: Tavistock.
Pfeffer J. & Salancik, G.R. (1978) The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper & Row.
Porter, M.E. (1980) Competitive Strategy. New York: The Free Press. 
Porter, M.E. (1985) Competitive Advantage. New York: The Free Press. 
Quinn, James B. (1980) Strategies for Change - Logical Incrementalism. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
Rumelt, R.P. (1974) Strategy, Structure and Economic performance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Rumelt, R.P., Schendel, D.E. & Teece, D.J. (1994) Fundamental Issues in Strategy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Schumpeter, J.A. (1934) The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Press.
Selznick, P. (1959) Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Perspective. New York: Harper & Row. 
Simon, H.A. (1945) Administrative Behavior. New York: The Free Press.
Thompson, J.D. (1967) Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw Hill.
Woodward, J. (1965) Industrial Organization: Theory and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press. 
Weick, K. (1969) The Social Psychology of Organizations. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 
Williamson, O. (1975) Markets and Hierarchies. New York: The Free Press.

Appendix B.  A List of Articles on Research Methodology

Dess, G. & R. Robinson.1984. Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: The case of privately-held firm and conglomerate business unit.  Strategic Management Journal, vol. 5, 265-273. 
Venkatraman, N. & Grant, N. 1986. Construct measurement in organizational strategy research:  critique and proposal. Academy of Management Review.  71-87. 
Eisenhardt, K.M. 1989.  Building theories from case study research.  Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14.  532-550. 
Van de Ven, A.H. & Huber, G.P. 1990. Longitudinal field research methods for studying processes of organizational change. Organization Science. 1(3) 213-219. 
Golden, B. 1992. The past is the past--or is it? The use of retrospective accounts as indicators of past strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 35(4): 848-860. 
Venkatraman, N. & V. Ramanujam, 1986. Measurement of business performance in strategy Research: A comparison of approaches.  Academy of Management Review, vol. 11(4) 801-814.